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. . By 1860 Atlanta's population had grown to 9,554 During the American Civil War the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies in 1864 the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia the region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman on September 1 1864 Confederate General John Bell Hood made the decision to retreat from Atlanta and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army on the next day Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army and on September 7 Sherman ordered the city's civilian population to evacuate on November 11 1864 Sherman prepared for the Union Army's March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlanta's remaining military assets, Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads the wrought iron invented by John Birkinshaw in 1820 replaced cast iron Wrought iron (usually simply referred to as "iron") was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking making it more suitable for iron rails But iron was expensive to produce until Henry Cort patented the puddling process in 1784 in 1783 Cort also patented the rolling process which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails the next important development in iron production was hot blast developed by James Beaumont Neilson (patented 1828) which considerably reduced the amount of coke (fuel) or charcoal needed to produce pig iron Wrought iron was a soft material that contained slag or dross the softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all iron rails.
; Atlanta Georgia business directory Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 4.7% 1.9% 1.5% n/a Film 3.2 Disqualifications 1.1 Native American settlements Okefenokee Swamp Georgia; 1% A Midtown is also home to a share of Atlanta's diplomatic missions the Consulate-General of Canada is located in 100 Colony Square Building as is the Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency the Consulate-General of Switzerland in Atlanta is located in the Two Midtown Plaza building the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office representing the Republic of China is located in the Atlantic Center Plaza the Consulate-General of Israel to the Southeast is also located in Midtown From 1995 to 2002 the Consulate-General of Japan in Atlanta was in Colony Square before moving to Buckhead. . . See also: List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta 10 Further reading Spalding (295/sq mi) 65/18 92/33.
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