The introduction of the Bessemer process enabling steel to be made inexpensively led to the era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads the Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel which caused the steel to become brittle with age the open hearth furnace began to replace the Bessemer process near the end of the 19th century improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails becoming standard for all railways. .
As the 18th century progressed colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast Pennsylvania Virginia Connecticut and Maryland all laid claim to the land in the Ohio River valley the colonies engaged in a scramble to purchase land from Indian tribes as the British insisted that claims to land should rest on legitimate purchases Virginia was particularly intent on western expansion and most of the elite Virginia families invested in the Ohio Company to promote the settlement of Ohio Country. .
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